4.1 Article

Morphological variability, cytotype diversity, and cytogeography of populations traditionally called Dactylorhiza fuchsii in Central Europe

Journal

PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION
Volume 307, Issue 4, Pages -

Publisher

SPRINGER WIEN
DOI: 10.1007/s00606-021-01770-3

Keywords

Dactylorhiza maculata agg; Flow cytometry; Morphometrics; Phenotypic variability; Polyploidy; Taxonomy

Funding

  1. Palacky University [IGA_PrF_2021_001]
  2. Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research within program Aktion CZ-AT

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The study revealed the presence of different ploidy levels in D. fuchsii populations in Central Europe, with individuals of different ploidy levels showing distinct morphological differences, especially in flower coloration and leaf spotting.
The morphological variation and cytotype diversity were investigated among Central European populations traditionally recognized as Dactylorhiza fuchsii, recently incorporated in D. maculata s.l. Flow cytometry was employed to assess the ploidy levels of 738 individuals from 77 localities and multivariate morphometrics for a total of 531 individuals from 27 localities. Three ploidy levels were found: diploid (2n = 2x = 40), DNA-triploid and tetraploid (2n = 4x = 80). Whereas diploids and tetraploids often occurred as pure-cytotype populations, individuals of DNA-triploids always co-occurred with at least one of the other cytotypes. Qualitative morphological traits were inferred to be the most important drivers of morphological variation among the investigated plants, with the most striking differences in flower colouration and leaf spotting. The combination of morphological and cytological characters enabled to delimit two separate groups of populations. The first corresponded to D. maculata subsp. fuchsii with morphologically indistinguishable diploid, DNA-triploid and tetraploid individuals, sometimes occurring in mixed-ploidy populations. A complex geographical pattern of cytotype distributions was observed, with diploids scatteredly occurring throughout Central Europe except for Bohemian Massif, which was dominated by tetraploids. The other group of populations represented newly described in this study D. maculata subsp. sooana, subsp. nova, morphologically well-defined and strictly diploid taxon with a restricted geographical range, occurring in the Western Carpathians. A new combination for a hybrid taxon D. x dinglensis nothosubsp. smitakii, comb. nova (= D. maculata subsp. sooana x D. majalis subsp. majalis), was also proposed.

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