Journal
PEDIATRIC RADIOLOGY
Volume 51, Issue 12, Pages 2229-2252Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-021-05131-7
Keywords
Biliary system; Children; Contrast-enhanced ultrasound; Gallbladder; Pancreas; Spleen; Ultrasound; Ultrasound contrast agents
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This manuscript provides an overview of the applications of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) for normal variants and diseases affecting the spleen, gallbladder, and pancreas in children. It highlights how CEUS can serve in the diagnosis and follow-up for such diseases in children with specific examination techniques and presentation of main imaging findings in various benign and malignant lesions. The limitations of CEUS for these organs are also acknowledged.
Gray-scale and color/power Doppler ultrasound (US) are the first-line imaging modalities to evaluate the spleen, gallbladder and pancreas in children. The increasing use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) as a reliable and safe method to evaluate liver lesions in the pediatric population promises potential for imaging other internal organs. Although CEUS applications of the spleen, gallbladder and pancreas have been well described in adults, they have not been fully explored in children. In this manuscript, we present an overview of the applications of CEUS for normal variants and diseases affecting the spleen, gallbladder and pancreas. We highlight a variety of cases as examples of how CEUS can serve in the diagnosis and follow-up for such diseases in children. Our discussion includes specific examination techniques; presentation of the main imaging findings in various benign and malignant lesions of the spleen, gallbladder and pancreas in children; and acknowledgment of the limitations of CEUS for these organs.
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