An investigation on physical phenomena of water-jet assisted underwater wet laser welding technique under continuous and pulsed mode operation

This work presents the development and demonstration of a novel underwater wet laser welding technique, where unlike the conventional underwater wet laser welding, a water-jet parallel to the weld pool surface was introduced inside the water environment. The water flow was found to enhance the removal of water vapour formed at the laser-water-workpiece interface without creating hindrance to the molten weld bead, resulting in lower energy loss due to absorption and scattering, thus enhancing the laser energy coupling efficiency to the material. The process was studied for bead-on-plate welding on 4 mm stainless steel (SS) sheets using a 2 kW Yb-Fiber laser (wavelength 1.07 mu m), with water column height of 5-15 mm, and a parallel water jet of speed 2-3 m/s, under continuous (CW) and pulsed mode (modulated power) laser operation. The major objective of the work was to study the effect of water flow and mode of laser operation on the formation and growth of vapour layer at the processing zone and investigate its effect on laser energy coupling efficiency. Further, their effect on weld bead geometry and microstructure was investigated. Welding operation with modulated laser power was found to produce higher weld depth compared to CW mode with same average laser power due to lower scattering loss and better energy coupling under pulsed mode operation. The micro-structural investigation has showed the formation of finer grains and oxide or carbide precipitation in case of underwater welding, indicating the enhanced cooling phenomena in this technique.

Automated summary

This study introduces a novel underwater wet laser welding technique that enhances water vapor removal by introducing a water jet parallel to the weld pool surface, resulting in higher energy coupling efficiency. It was found that pulsed laser operation produces deeper welds and better energy coupling compared to continuous mode. Additionally, microstructural analysis showed finer grains and precipitation in underwater welding, indicating enhanced cooling effects in this technique.