Bottom-up inputs are required for establishment of top-down connectivity onto cortical layer 1 neurogliaform cells

Higher-order projections to sensory cortical areas converge on layer 1 (L1), the primary site for integration of top-down information via the apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons and L1 GABAergic interneurons. Here we investigated the contribution of early thalamic inputs onto L1 interneurons for establishment of top-down connectivity in the primary visual cortex. We find that bottom-up thalamic inputs predominate during L1 development and preferentially target neurogliaform cells. We show that these projections are critical for the subsequent strengthening of top-down inputs from the anterior cingulate cortex onto L1 neurogliaform cells. Sensory deprivation or selective removal of thalamic afferents blocked this phenomenon. Although early activation of the anterior cingulate cortex resulted in premature strengthening of these top-down affer-ents, this was dependent on thalamic inputs. Our results demonstrate that proper establishment of top-down connectivity in the visual cortex depends critically on bottom-up inputs from the thalamus during postnatal development.

Automated summary

The study reveals that the establishment of top-down connectivity in the primary visual cortex critically depends on early thalamic inputs during postnatal development. Thalamic inputs predominantly target neurogliaform cells in layer 1, facilitating the subsequent strengthening of top-down inputs from the anterior cingulate cortex onto these cells. Sensory deprivation or removal of thalamic afferents blocks this phenomenon, highlighting the importance of bottom-up inputs for the development of top-down connections in the visual cortex.