Journal
NEUROCHEMICAL RESEARCH
Volume 47, Issue 2, Pages 264-278Publisher
SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS
DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03439-2
Keywords
Sigma-1 receptor; Neuroinflammation; Ca2+ oscillation; Calcineurin; Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta
Categories
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [81872847, 82173803]
- Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutes (PAPD)
- Jiangsu Overseas Visiting Scholar Program for University Prominent Young and MiddleAged Teacher and President
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Activation of sigma-1 receptor can inhibit microglia activation and neuroinflammation through the non-canonical Ca2+ oscillation/Calcineurin/GSK-3β signaling pathway, which suggests a potential novel anti-inflammatory strategy.
Further understanding the mechanism for microglia activation is necessary for developing novel anti-inflammatory strategies. Our previous study found that the activation of sigma-1 receptor can effectively inhibit the neuroinflammation, independent of the canonical mechanisms, such as NF-kappa B, JNK and ERK inflammatory pathways. Thus, it is reasonable that an un-identified, non-canonical pathway contributes to the activation of microglia. In the present study, we found that a sigma-1 receptor agonist of 2-morpholin-4-ylethyl 1-phenylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate (PRE-084) suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS) elevated nitric oxide (NO) content in BV-2 microglia culture supernatant and LPS-raised mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in BV-2 microglia. Moreover, PRE-084 alleviated LPS-increased Ser 9 de-phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3 beta), LPS-elevated catalytic activity of calcineurin, and LPS-raised percent and frequency of Ca2+ oscillatory BV-2 cells. We further found that the inhibitory effect of PRE-084 was reversed by a calcineurin activator of chlorogenic acid and a GSK-3 beta activator of pyrvinium. Moreover, an IP3 receptor inhibitor of 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate mimicked the anti-inflammatory activity of PRE-084. Thus, we identified a noncanonical pro-neuroinflammary pathway of Ca2+ oscillation/Calcineurin/GSK-3 beta and the inhibition of this pathway is necessary for the anti-inflammatory activity of sigma-1 receptor activation.
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