4.8 Article

Correlating ligand-to-metal charge transfer with voltage hysteresis in a Li-rich rock-salt compound exhibiting anionic redox

Journal

NATURE CHEMISTRY
Volume 13, Issue 11, Pages 1070-+

Publisher

NATURE PORTFOLIO
DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00775-2

Keywords

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Funding

  1. French National Research Agency (ANR) [ANR-10-EQPX-45, 20190596, 20171035, 20190646]
  2. DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory [DE-AC02-06CH11357]
  3. DOE Office of Science through the National Virtual Biotechnology Laboratory
  4. DOE national laboratories focused on the response to COVID-19
  5. Russian Science Foundation [20-43-01012]
  6. European Research Council (ERC) (FP/2014)/ERC Grant [670116-ARPEMA]
  7. Russian Science Foundation [20-43-01012] Funding Source: Russian Science Foundation

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Anionic redox in Li-ion cathodes offers increased energy density but comes with drawbacks such as voltage hysteresis. This study investigates the origin of voltage hysteresis by designing a Li-rich cation-disordered rock-salt compound and reveals a non-equilibrium redox pathway responsible for voltage hysteresis. The charge transfer involving structural distortion between O and Fe states is found to be the cause of voltage hysteresis.
Anionic redox is a double-edged sword for Li-ion cathodes because it offers a transformational increase in energy density that is also negated by several detrimental drawbacks to its practical implementation. Among them, voltage hysteresis is the most troublesome because its origin is still unclear and under debate. Herein, we tackle this issue by designing a prototypical Li-rich cation-disordered rock-salt compound Li1.17Ti0.33Fe0.5O2 that shows anionic redox activity and exceptionally large voltage hysteresis while exhibiting a partially reversible Fe migration between octahedral and tetrahedral sites. Through combined in situ and ex situ spectroscopic techniques, we demonstrate the existence of a non-equilibrium (adiabatic) redox pathway enlisting Fe3+/Fe4+ and O redox as opposed to the equilibrium (non-adiabatic) redox pathway involving sole O redox. We further show that the charge transfer from O(2p) lone pair states to Fe(3d) states involving sluggish structural distortion is responsible for voltage hysteresis. This study provides a general understanding of various voltage hysteresis signatures in the large family of Li-rich rock-salt compounds.

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