On the capture of small stony asteroids into the Earth's orbit by atmospheric grazing

An Earth-grazing asteroid can be captured into a gravitational bound orbit around the Earth during its transitory atmospheric journey. Otherwise, it will either escape back to space or plunge to the Earth directly. With fragmentation taken into account, we subdivide the captured and direct impact modes, expanding the above three modes into five - escaping, captured impact with and without fragmentation, and direct impact with and without fragmentation. We then investigate the conditions of those various impact modes of shallow-angle impacts of small stony asteroids no larger than 100 m in diameter. Moreover, the atmospheric entry processes of captured stony asteroids are further studied. Results show that asteroids with larger diameters are easier to fragment for less deceleration due to the smaller area-to-mass ratio, narrowing the corridor for capture. A captured asteroid can enter the atmosphere many times, highlighting itself by a series of explosive phenomena due to the shock wave it produced during every passage. The number of revolutions before its final entry increases as the theoretical perigee altitude rises. The multi-entry phenomenon of captured impact reduces the velocity and mass of the impactor and raises the possibility of an intact landing of the object via atmospheric dissipation. The time and space intervals between each entry make it difficult to identify whether the scattered impacts come from one captured impact event or just a series of different fireballs. The long path before its final hit also increases the difficulty of predicting the exact airburst position or landing site.

Automated summary

The study explores various impact modes of small asteroids in the atmosphere and multi-entry phenomenon of captured asteroids around Earth. Results indicate that larger asteroids are more likely to fragment, reducing the possibility of capture. Atmospheric dissipation can decrease the velocity and mass of impactors, increasing the chance of landing through the atmosphere.