WISDOM Project - IX. Giant molecular clouds in the lenticular galaxy NGC 4429: effects of shear and tidal forces on clouds

We present high spatial resolution (approximate to 12pc) Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (CO)-C-12(J = 3-2) observations of the nearby lenticular galaxy NGC 4429. We identify 217 giant molecular clouds within the 450 pc radius molecular gas disc. The clouds generally have smaller sizes and masses but higher surface densities and observed linewidths than those of Milky Way disc clouds. An unusually steep size-linewidth relation (sigma proportional to R-c(0.8)) and large cloud internal velocity gradients (0.05-0.91 km s(-1) pc(-1)) and observed virial parameters ( approximate to 4.0) are found, which appear due to internal rotation driven by the background galactic gravitational potential. Removing this rotation, an internal virial equilibrium appears to be established between the self-gravitational (U-sg) and turbulent kinetic (E-turb) energies of each cloud, i.e. . However, to properly account for both self and external gravity (shear and tidal forces), we formulate a modified virial theorem and define an effective virial parameter alpha(sg, vir) equivalent to alpha(sg, vir) + E-ext/vertical bar U-sg vertical bar (and associated effective velocity dispersion). The NGC 4429 clouds then appear to be in a critical state in which the self-gravitational energy and the contribution of external gravity to the cloud's energy budget (E-ext) are approximately equal, i.e. E-ext/vertical bar U-sg vertical bar approximate to 1. As such, and most clouds are not virialized but remain marginally gravitationally bound. We show this is consistent with the clouds having sizes similar to their tidal radii and being generally radially elongated. External gravity is thus as important as self-gravity to regulate the clouds of NGC 4429.

Automated summary

High spatial resolution observations of the nearby lenticular galaxy NGC 4429 reveal differences in giant molecular clouds compared to those in the Milky Way disc, with clouds appearing to be in a critical state where external gravity is as important as self-gravity in regulating the clouds.