4.4 Article

Program Evaluation of Population- and System-Level Policies: Evidence for Decision Making

Journal

MEDICAL DECISION MAKING
Volume 42, Issue 1, Pages 17-27

Publisher

SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC
DOI: 10.1177/0272989X211016427

Keywords

cost-effectiveness; economic evaluation; programme evaluation

Funding

  1. National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)
  2. UK aid from the UK government
  3. National Institute for Health Research (NIHR Global Health Econometrics & Economics Group)

Ask authors/readers for more resources

Policy evaluations often focus on short-term outcomes and fail to consider policy-relevant results, opportunity costs, and decision uncertainty. Challenges in evaluating policies can be addressed with methods from various disciplines, but careful consideration of decision requirements, evidence, and methods is necessary.
Background Policy evaluations often focus on ex post estimation of causal effects on short-term surrogate outcomes. The value of such information is limited for decision making, as the failure to reflect policy-relevant outcomes and disregard for opportunity costs prohibits the assessment of value for money. Further, these evaluations do not always consider all relevant evidence, other courses of action, or decision uncertainty. Methods In this article, we explore how policy evaluation could better meet the needs of decision making. We begin by defining the evidence required to inform decision making. We then conduct a literature review of challenges in evaluating policies. Finally, we highlight potential methods available to help address these challenges. Results The evidence required to inform decision making includes the impacts on the policy-relevant outcomes, the costs and associated opportunity costs, and the consequences of uncertainty. Challenges in evaluating health policies are described using 8 categories: 1) valuation space; 2) comparators; 3) time of evaluation; 4) mechanisms of action; 5) effects; 6) resources, constraints, and opportunity costs; 7) fidelity, adaptation, and level of implementation; and 8) generalizability and external validity. Methods from a broad set of disciplines are available to improve policy evaluation, relating to causal inference, decision-analytic modeling, theory of change, realist evaluation, and structured expert elicitation. Limitations The targeted review may not identify all possible challenges, and the methods covered are not exhaustive. Conclusions Evaluations should provide appropriate evidence to inform decision making. There are challenges in evaluating policies, but methods from multiple disciplines are available to address these challenges. Implications Evaluators need to carefully consider the decision being informed, the necessary evidence to inform it, and the appropriate methods.

Authors

I am an author on this paper
Click your name to claim this paper and add it to your profile.

Reviews

Primary Rating

4.4
Not enough ratings

Secondary Ratings

Novelty
-
Significance
-
Scientific rigor
-
Rate this paper

Recommended

No Data Available
No Data Available