Estrogen cholestasis induces gut and liver injury in rats involving in activating PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways

Backgrounds: Estrogen and its metabolites often lead to intrahepatic cholestasis in susceptible women with pregnancy, administration of oral contraceptives and postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy. Recently, dysfunction of the gut-liver axis has been suggested to play a pivotal role in the progression of cholestasis, but details about estrogen cholestasis (EC)-induced gut and liver injury are still largely unknown. This study aims to gain insight into EC-induced gut and liver injury and cell signaling implicated. Methods: Male rats were exposed to 5 and 10 mg/kg of 17?-ethinylestradiol via subcutaneous injection for 5 successive days to simulate human EC. Results: By detection of these estrogen cholestatic rats, we found that EC induced inflammation in the liver but not in the intestine through activating NF-?B signaling pathway. EC strongly induced oxidative stress in both the liver and intestine, and activated the hepatic Nrf2/Gclm/Gclc pathway and the intestinal Nrf2/Ho-1 pathway, respectively, for adaptively regulating oxidative stress. EC increased cell apoptosis in both the liver and intestine. Additionally, EC elevated phosphorylation of Akt, ERK1/2, and p38 in the liver and increased phosphorylation of p38 in the intestine. Conclusions: EC induces liver inflammation, both gut and liver oxidative stress and apoptosis, involving in activating PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. Investigation of EC-induced gut and liver injury contributes to the development of new potential therapeutic strategies.

Automated summary

Estrogen cholestasis induces liver inflammation and oxidative stress, while also increasing cell apoptosis in both the liver and intestine. It activates the NF-κB signaling pathway in the liver, and PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways in both gut and liver. Understanding EC-induced gut and liver injury may help in developing new therapeutic strategies.