The Shelf Sources of Estuarine Inflow

The inflow to an estuary originates on the shelf. It flushes the estuary and can bring in nutrients, heat, salt, and hypoxic water, having consequences for estuarine ecosystems and fjordic glacial melt. However, the source of estuarine inflow has only been explored in simple models that do not resolve interactions between inflow and outflow outside of the estuarine channel. This study addressed the estuary inflow problem using variations on a three-dimensional primitive equation model of an idealized estuarine channel next to a sloping, unstratified shelf with mixing provided by a single-frequency, 12-h tide. Inflow was identified using particle tracking, momentum budgets, and total exchange flow. Inflow sources were found in shelf water downstream of the estuary, river plume water, and shelf water upstream of the estuary. Downstream is defined here with respect to the direction of coastal trapped wave propagation, which is to the right for an observer looking seaward from the estuary mouth in the Northern Hemisphere. Downstream of the estuary and offshore of the plume, the dynamics were quasigeostrophic, consistent with previous simple models. The effect of this inflowing current on the geometry of the river plume front was found to be small. Novel sources of inflow were identified which originated from within the plume and upstream of the estuary.

Automated summary

The study explored the sources of estuarine inflow using a three-dimensional model near a sloping, unstratified shelf with mixing driven by tides. Inflow sources included shelf water downstream of the estuary, river plume water, and shelf water upstream of the estuary. Novel sources of inflow were identified within the plume and upstream of the estuary.