Multipotential and systemic effects of traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of disability and mortality of people at all ages. Biochemical, cellular and physiological events that occur during primary injury lead to a delayed and long-term secondary damage that can last from hours to years. Secondary brain injury causes tissue damage in the central nervous system and a subsequent strong and rapid inflammatory response that may lead to persistent inflammation. However, this inflammatory response is not limited to the brain. Inflammatory mediators are transferred from damaged brain tissue to the bloodstream and produce a systemic inflammatory response in peripheral organs, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, renal and endocrine systems. Complications of TBI are associated with its multiple and systemic effects that should be considered in the treatment of TBI patients. Therefore, in this review, an attempt was made to examine the systemic effects of TBI in detail. It is hoped that this review will identify the mechanisms of injury and complications of TBI, and open a window for promising treatment in TBI complications.

Automated summary

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of disability and mortality at all ages, with primary injury leading to delayed secondary damage and long-term complications. The inflammatory response in TBI is not limited to the brain, but can also affect various peripheral organs, necessitating consideration of systemic effects in treatment. Understanding the mechanisms and complications of TBI may lead to promising treatments for its associated complications.