Journal
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
Volume 94, Issue 2, Pages 567-574Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27299
Keywords
cross-protection; immunogenic; influenza; peptides
Categories
Funding
- Australian Government Depratment of Health
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Swine flu outbreaks pose potential threats to human public health, with documented cases of swine-origin influenza infecting humans since the emergence of swine-origin H1N1 in 2009. An analysis of historical influenza viruses revealed evidence of prior circulation of H3N2v NP and M1 immunogenic peptides, which could provide insight into the emergence of influenza viruses and inform immunogenic peptide selection for vaccines inducing cytotoxic T-cell-mediated immunity.
Outbreaks of influenza in swine can result in potential threats to human public health. A notable occurrence was the emergence of swine-origin H1N1 influenza viruses in 2009. Since then, there have been several documented outbreaks of swine-origin influenza infecting humans in several countries. Sustained events have occurred when H1N1v, H1N2v, and H3N2v swine-origin viruses have infected humans visiting agricultural shows in the US. The predominant H3N2v viruses gained the matrix protein from the A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, with reported human-to-human transmission raising fears of another pandemic. Current vaccines do not induce secondary cell-mediated immune responses, which may provide cross-protection against novel influenza A subtypes, however, population susceptibility to infection with seasonal influenza is likely to be influenced by cross-reactive CD8+ T-cells directed towards immunogenic peptides derived from viral proteins. This study involved a retrospective review of historical influenza viruses circulating in human populations from 1918 to 2020 to identify evidence of prior circulation of H3N3v immunogenic CD8+ T-cells peptides found in the NP and M1 proteins. We found evidence of prior circulation of H3N2v NP and M1 immunogenic peptides in historical influenza viruses. This provides insight into the population context in which influenza viruses emerge and may help inform immunogenic peptide selection for cytotoxic T-cell lymphocytes (CTL)-inducing influenza vaccines. Next-generation vaccines capable of eliciting CD8+ T-cell-mediated cross-protective immunity may offer a long-term alternative strategy for influenza vaccines.
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