Strongly heterogeneous patterns of groundwater depletion in Northwestern India

Northwestern India has been identified as a significant hotspot of groundwater depletion, with major implications for groundwater sustainability caused by excessive abstraction. We know relatively little about the detailed spatial and temporal changes in groundwater storage in this region, nor do we understand the interplay of factors controlling these changes. Groundwater managers and policymakers in India require such information to monitor groundwater development and make strategic decisions for the sustainable management of groundwater. Here, we characterise high-resolution spatio-temporal variability in groundwater levels and storage change across northwestern India through analysis of in situ measurements of historical groundwater level data. We note a slow gain in groundwater storage of + 0.58 +/- 0.35 km(3) for the pre-monsoon and + 0.40 +/- 0.35 km(3) for the post-monsoon period between 1974 and 2001. However, from 2002 to 2010, groundwater storage was rapidly depleted by 32.30 +/- 0.34 km(3) in the pre-monsoon and 24.42 +/- 0.34 km(3) in the post-monsoon period. Importantly, we observe marked spatial heterogeneity in groundwater levels and storage change and distinct hotspots of groundwater depletion with lateral length scales of tens of kilometers. Spatial variability in groundwater abstraction partially explains the depletion pattern, but we also find that the sedimentological heterogeneity of the aquifer system correlates broadly with long-term patterns of groundwater-level change. This correlation, along with the spatial agreement between groundwater level change and water quality, provides a framework for anticipating future depletion patterns and guiding groundwater monitoring and domain-specific management strategies.

Automated summary

The study characterized high-resolution spatial-temporal variability in groundwater levels and storage change in northwestern India, revealing marked spatial heterogeneity and distinct hotspots of groundwater depletion. Spatial variability in groundwater abstraction partially explains the depletion pattern, with sedimentological heterogeneity of the aquifer system broadly correlating with long-term groundwater-level change.