Journal
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Volume 418, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126393
Keywords
Denatonium benzoate; Diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT); Mixed-mode cation exchange (MCX); Passive sampling; Aquatic environment
Categories
Funding
- Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Project [201904010291]
- Key Deployment Project of Centre for Ocean Mega-Research of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences [COMS2019J08]
- Golden Seed Scientific Fund for Undergraduate Students of SCNU [2884]
- Start-up Funding of Outstanding Young Scientist from SCNU
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [21806042, 22006042]
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety [2019B030301008]
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DB is a commonly used bitter agent in products, but little is known about its occurrence in global aquatic environments. MCX-DGT is a reliable method for measuring DB in water, and DB was found to persist in wastewater treatment plants.
Denatonium benzoate (DB), a commonly used bitter agent in numerous products, has recently been recognized as a waterborne contaminant due to concern about its potential persistence, mobility and toxicity (PMT). However, its occurrence, levels and fate in global aquatic environments are largely unknown. In this study, a new sampling method, based on diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) with mixed-mode cation exchange (MCX) as the binding agent, was developed for measuring DB in waters. MCX shows a rapid adsorption and high capacity for DB. DB is linearly accumulated by MCX-DGT. pH (6-8), ionic strength (0.01-0.5 M), or DOM (0-10 M) do not show any significant effect on the MCX-DGT performance, confirming its reliability. The DGT measurements in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) are comparable to those by paralleled grab sampling. The field results suggest DB is persistent in WWTPs and could be a potential domestic wastewater indicator. Therefore, MCX-DGT is a promising technique for understanding the environmental occurrence, levels and fate of DB. This is a first report of using DGT for DB monitoring and of DB occurrence in Chinese environments. Further exploration of DGT as a reliable passive monitoring tool for a wide range of PMT substances in different applications is warranted.
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