Strategies for reducing Cd concentration in paddy soil for rice safety

Globally the uncontrolled industrialization, intensive agricultural practices, and unsustainable urbanization have resulted in a ubiquitous environmental problem of cadmium (Cd) contaminated soil and food crops. The purpose of this review article is to critically highlights the effective and economical combination of different amendments for remediation of cadmium for rice safety. Cadmium is known to be a toxic element as a threat to human health and soil quality. Heavy metals have innumerable effects on human beings and cause many cancerous diseases, chronic nephropathy, gingivitis, kidney problem metal fume fever, prostate cancer, seizures, etc. For the remediation of moderate to high cadmium contaminated soil, environmentally friendly and effective amend-ments are necessary. The review paper focused on using different organic, inorganic, bacterial, and bio-molecules amendments that are cost-effective and environmentally friendly in application to rice (paddy) fields. Moreover, uptake and pathways of cadmium uptake and factors affecting cadmium uptake will be addressed along with the techniques of cadmium remediation through the use of different amendments that has been to date. In literature, the use of organic and inorganic material has been reported to increase soil fertility and remediation of toxic elements from contaminated soil. So, the main focus will be on organic materials, including composts, charcoal, biomolecules, and manures. While in inorganic material, the efficiency of liming and other mineral fertilizers will be explained. Furthermore, it also provides an update on the most relevant findings of the methods of amend-ment application associated with the remediation of cadmium and future strategies for the research and guidelines for the Cd remediation.

Automated summary

Globally, uncontrolled industrialization, intensive agricultural practices, and unsustainable urbanization have led to widespread environmental issues of cadmium contaminated soil and food crops. The article critically discusses the effective and economical combination for remediating cadmium for rice safety.