Journal
JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY
Volume 42, Issue 1, Pages 103-129Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/jat.4214
Keywords
environmental and occupational exposures; experimental studies; human health effects; manganese; multi-organ toxicity; transition metal
Categories
Funding
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India [3/1/3/PDF(22)/2020-HRD]
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal
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Manganese is an essential trace element for humans, but long-term exposures can lead to health issues, including multiple organ dysfunction. Studies support a causal link between Mn exposure and structural and functional changes in organs, with toxic mechanisms including altered cell activities, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis. Treatment strategies and future research directions are also discussed.
Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element for humans, but long-term environmental or occupational exposures can lead to numerous health problems. Although many studies have identified an association between Mn exposures and neurological abnormalities, emerging data suggest that occupationally and environmentally relevant levels of Mn may also be linked to multiple organ dysfunction in the general population. In this regard, many experimental and clinical studies provide support for a causal link between Mn exposure and structural and functional changes that are responsible for organ dysfunction in major organs like lung, liver, and kidney. The underlying mechanisms suggested to Mn toxicity include altered activities of the components of intracellular signaling cascades, oxidative stress, apoptosis, affected cell cycle regulation, autophagy, angiogenesis, and an inflammatory response. We further discussed the sources and possible mechanisms of Mn absorption and distribution in different organs. Finally, treatment strategies available for treating Mn toxicity as well as directions for future studies were discussed.
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