Pain-induced changes in motor unit discharge depend on recruitment threshold and contraction speed

At high forces, the discharge rates of lower- and higher-threshold motor units (MU) are influenced in a different way by muscle pain. These differential effects may be particularly important for performing contractions at different speeds since the proportion of lower- and higher-threshold MUs recruited varies with contraction velocity. We investigated whether MU discharge and recruitment strategies are differentially affected by pain depending on their recruitment threshold (RT), across a range of contraction speeds. Participants performed ankle dorsiflexion sinusoidal-isometric contractions at two frequencies (0.25 and 1 Hz) and two modulation amplitudes [5% and 10% of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC)] with a mean target torque of 20%MVC. High-density surface electromyography recordings from the tibialis anterior muscle were decomposed and the same MUs were tracked across painful (hypertonic saline injection) and nonpainful conditions. Torque variability, mean discharge rate (MDR), DR variability (DRvar), RT, and the delay between the cumulative spike train and the resultant torque output (neuromechanical delay, NMD) were assessed. The average RT was greater at faster contraction velocities (P = 0.01) but was not affected by pain. At the fastest contraction speed, torque variability and DRvar were reduced (P < 0.05) and MDR was maintained. Conversely, MDR decreased and DRvar and NMD increased significantly during pain at slow contraction speeds (P < 0.05). These results show that reductions in contraction amplitude and increased recruitment of higher-threshold MUs at fast contraction speeds appear to compensate for the inhibitory effect of nociceptive inputs on lower-threshold MUs, allowing the exertion of fast submaximal contractions during pain. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Pain induces changes in motor performance, motor unit recruitment, and rate coding behavior that varies across different contraction speeds. Here we show that that pain reduces motor unit discharge rate and prolongs the neuromechanical delay at slow contraction speeds only. This new evidence suggests that there are differential nociceptive inhibitory effects across the motor unit pool, which allows fast submaximal contractions to be exerted despite the presence of pain.

Automated summary

The study found that pain reduces recruitment and discharge rate of high-threshold motor units, while low-threshold motor units are less affected. At slow contraction speeds, pain decreases torque variability and discharge rate variability, but not at fast speeds. Pain has differential effects on motor unit recruitment and discharge behavior.