Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
Volume 22, Issue 11, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115933
Keywords
cell signaling; two-component systems; histidine kinases; nitrate respiration; nitrate regulation; signal transduction; allostery
Funding
- Russian Science Foundation [18-74-10053]
- Russian Science Foundation [18-74-10053] Funding Source: Russian Science Foundation
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The study reviews the mechanisms by which bacteria under anaerobic conditions utilize nitrates and nitrites as electron acceptors, explores the function and structural information of nitrate- and nitrite-sensing histidine kinases (NSHKs), and identifies a large diversity of NSHK sequences mostly from different bacterial groups.
Under anaerobic conditions, bacteria may utilize nitrates and nitrites as electron acceptors. Sensitivity to nitrous compounds is achieved via several mechanisms, some of which rely on sensor histidine kinases (HKs). The best studied nitrate- and nitrite-sensing HKs (NSHKs) are NarQ and NarX from Escherichia coli. Here, we review the function of NSHKs, analyze their natural diversity, and describe the available structural information. In particular, we show that around 6000 different NSHK sequences forming several distinct clusters may now be found in genomic databases, comprising mostly the genes from Beta- and Gammaproteobacteria as well as from Bacteroidetes and Chloroflexi, including those from anaerobic ammonia oxidation (annamox) communities. We show that the architecture of NSHKs is mostly conserved, although proteins from Bacteroidetes lack the HAMP and GAF-like domains yet sometimes have PAS. We reconcile the variation of NSHK sequences with atomistic models and pinpoint the structural elements important for signal transduction from the sensor domain to the catalytic module over the transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions spanning more than 200 angstrom.
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