Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
Volume 46, Issue 71, Pages 35365-35384Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.08.092
Keywords
SOFC; Ammonia; Gas to power; Renewable energy; Fuel cell; Hydrogen
Categories
Funding
- CSIRO Hydrogen Future Science Platform (FSP)
- CSIRO Research Office
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This paper discusses the potential of using hydrogen as a major energy vector through chemical storage with ammonia and converting it into electricity using solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFC). It highlights the challenges and opportunities in ammonia decomposition, anode catalysts, and degradation in SOFC technology. Additionally, it reviews modeling studies for ammonia SOFCs and commercial initiatives in green ammonia production.
With the rapidly declining cost of renewable energy, efficient ways are needed for its transportation between different regions. Hydrogen is becoming a major energy vector, with the key challenges of its storage and transportation commonly overcome by using ammonia for chemical storage of hydrogen energy. Ammonia, which is more energy dense than hydrogen and easier to transport, is a carbon-free alternative fuel that can be used in a variety of ways to generate power. Owing to their robustness and efficiency, solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFC) stand out as one of the most promising technologies that convert ammonia to electricity. Unlike other fuel cells, such as polymer electrolyte membranes, SOFCs do not require the fuel to be cleaned by energy-intensive external cracking and extensive cleaning; their high operating temperature provides the flexibility to crack the ammonia inside the anode or to use it directly. Here, we discuss experimental and numerical studies of ammonia SOFCs and critically review the status and opportunities for ammonia-fuelled SOFC technology. In the first section, we briefly outline the potential cathode and electrolyte materials for SOFCs. Only the anode component poses additional challenges with ammonia over the well-established hydrogen-fuelled SOFC technology, and this topic has been addressed in detail. Anode catalysts for ammonia decomposition, parameters affecting ammonia decomposition and anode catalyst degradation are also discussed. In the second section, we review the modelling studies for ammonia SOFCs. Finally, we run through the major commercial initiatives and demonstrations in green ammonia production and ammonia SOFCs. (C) 2021 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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