Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
Volume 187, Issue -, Pages 867-879Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.163
Keywords
Wall-associated kinase; Gossypium; Evolution; Expression profiling; Abiotic stress
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [32072114]
- National Key Research and Development Program for Crop Breeding [2016YFD0100306]
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Expansion of the WAK/WAKL gene family in cotton is mainly due to segmental and tandem duplications, and the family has been subjected to purifying selection pressure during evolution. The functions of WAK/WAKL genes in cotton are conserved, with their promoters responsive to multiple phytohormones and abiotic stresses, and the genes induced by various abiotic stresses.
The wall-associated kinases (WAKs) and WAK-like kinases (WAKLs) form a group of receptor-like kinases (RLKs) with extracellular domains tightly linked to the cell wall. The WAKs/WAKLs have been known to be involved in plant growth, development, and stress responses. However, the functions of WAKs/WAKLs are less well known in cotton. In this study, 58, 66, and 99 WAK/WAKL genes were identified in Gossypium arboreum, G. raimondii, and G. hirsutum, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed they were classified into five groups, with two groups specific to cotton. Collinearity analysis revealed that segmental and tandem duplications resulted in expansion of the WAK/WAKL gene family in cotton. Moreover, the Ka/Ks ratios indicated this family was exposed to purifying selection pressure during evolution. The structures of the GhWAK/WAKL genes and encoded proteins suggested the functions of WAKs/WAKLs in cotton were conserved. Transient expression of four WAK/WAKL-GFP fusion constructs in Arabidopsis protoplasts indicated that they were localized on the plasma membrane. The cis -elements in the GhWAK/WAKL promoters were responsive to multiple phytohormones and abiotic stresses. Expression profiling showed that GhWAK/WAKL genes were induced by various abiotic stresses. This study provides insights into the evolution of WAK/WAKL genes and presents fundamental information for further analysis in cotton.
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