Journal
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS FERROELECTRICS AND FREQUENCY CONTROL
Volume 68, Issue 6, Pages 2007-2022Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2021.3049713
Keywords
Atomic clocks; Time-frequency analysis; Standards; Frequency measurement; Atom optics; Oscillators; Adaptive optics; Atomic clock; atomic frequency standard; clock; frequency; oscillator; review; timing
Categories
Funding
- MITRE Innovation Program
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This paper discusses the importance of atomic frequency standards in modern life and the trends in commercial and emerging technologies. It provides a summary of the performance and operation principles of current atomic frequency standards, as well as the development direction of future emerging technologies.
Atomic frequency standards are used to generate accurate and precise time and frequency, enabling many communications, synchronization, and navigation systems in modern life. GPS and other satellite navigation systems, voice and data telecommunications, and timestamping of financial transactions all rely on precise time and frequency enabled by atomic frequency standards. This review provides a snapshot and an outlook of commercial and emerging atomic frequency standards. We provide a concise summary of the performance and physics of operation of current atomic frequency standards. In addition, we discuss examples of emerging frequency standard technologies and prototype demonstrations with a focus on technologies expected to provide commercial or military utility within the next decade. We include a comparison of performance versus size and power for current atomic frequency standards. We develop and discuss an empirical relationship between frequency standard performance and product size.
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