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Singlemode-Multimode-Singlemode Fiber Structures for Sensing Applications-A Review

Journal

IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL
Volume 21, Issue 11, Pages 12734-12751

Publisher

IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2020.3039912

Keywords

Optical fiber sensors; Optical fibers; Sensors; Optical fiber couplers; Temperature sensors; Temperature measurement; Optical interferometry; SMS; multimode interference; biosensor; chemical sensor; thin-core fiber; small-core fiber; no-core fiber; hollow core fiber; fiber interferometer

Funding

  1. Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province [20192ACB20031, 20192ACBL21051, 20202ACBL202002]
  2. National Natural Science Foundation of China [62065013, 61665007, 61465009]
  3. Major Discipline Academic and Technical Leaders Training Program of Jiangxi Province, China [20172BCB22012]

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SMS fiber structures, consisting of singlemode and multimode fibers, are commonly used in sensors for measuring various parameters. Different types of SMS structures have been developed to sense different measurands or improve sensitivity in optical fiber systems.
A singlemode-multimode-singlemode (SMS) fiber structure consists of a short section of multimode fiber fusion- spliced between two SMS fibers. The mechanism underpinning the operation of an SMS fiber structure is multimode interference and associated self-imaging. SMS structures can be used in a variety of optical fiber systems but are most commonly used as sensors for a variety of parameters, ranging from macro-world measurands such as temperature, strain, vibration, flow rate, RI and humidity to the micro-world with measurands such as proteins, pathogens, DNA and specific molecules. While traditional SMS structures employ a short section of standard multimode fiber, a large number of structures have been investigated and demonstrated over the last decade involving the replacement of the multimode fiber section with alternatives such as a hollow core fiber or a tapered fiber. The objective of replacing the multimode fiber has most often been to allow sensing of different measurands or to improve sensitivity. In this paper, several different categories of SMS fiber structures, including traditional SMS, modified SMS and tapered SMS fiber structures are discussed with some theoretical underpinning and reviews of a wide variety of sensing examples and recent advances. The paper then summarizes and compares the performances of a variety of sensors which have been published under a number of headings. The paper concludes by considering the challenges faced by SMS based sensing schemes in terms of their deployment in real world applications and discusses possible future developments of SMS fiber sensors.

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