Characterization of Adeno-Associated Virus Capsid Proteins with Two Types of VP3-Related Components by Capillary Gel Electrophoresis and Mass Spectrometry

Recombinant adeno-associated virus is a leading platform in human gene therapy. The adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsid is composed of three viral proteins (VPs): VP1, VP2, and VP3. To ensure the safety of AAV-based gene therapy products, the stoichiometry of VPs of AAV vector should be carefully monitored. In this study, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE), and liquid chromatography-UV-mass spectrometry (LC-UV-MS) were performed to evaluate the VP components of AAV1, AAV2, and AAV6. Two types of VP3-related components, VP3 variant and VP3 fragment, were identified. The VP3 variant was the N-terminal shorter VP3, of which the translation started at M211, not at the conventional initiation codon, M203. The VP3 variant could be generated by leaky scanning of the first initiation codon of VP3. We also showed that the VP3 variant was identified in a minor peak before VP3 in CGE measurement. Meanwhile, the VP3 fragment was the C-terminal cleaved VP3, of which the sequence of VP3 ended at D590 or D626, indicating that cleavage occurred between D590 and P591, or D626 and G627. The cause of the cleavage of the DP or DG sequence was hydrolysis due to low pH of the mobile phase and high temperature of the column oven in the LC system, which was necessary to clearly separate the peak of VPs. VP3 fragments, detected only in LC-UV-MS in small amount account with less than 3% of total peak area, should be included in the quantification of VP3. Finally, the relationship of VP stoichiometry determined by the above three methods was discussed. From this study, we proposed that the VP components of AAV should be complementarily evaluated by CGE and LC-UV-MS.

Automated summary

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) is an important tool in human gene therapy, and this study identified two VP3-related components in AAV vectors using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, capillary gel electrophoresis, and liquid chromatography-UV-mass spectrometry. The study suggests that complementary evaluation of VP components using CGE and LC-UV-MS methods is necessary for accurate quantification and understanding of VP stoichiometry in AAV vectors.