Journal
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS
Volume 48, Issue 15, Pages -Publisher
AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION
DOI: 10.1029/2021GL094599
Keywords
Arctic; amplification; climate change; feedback; radiative kernel; AA
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Funding
- NSF [AGS-2015780, OISE-1743738]
- NOAA [NA18OAR4310425]
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Arctic amplification, the enhanced Arctic warming, is mainly attributed to intensified winter oceanic heating associated with sea-ice loss, aided by positive surface albedo feedback in summer and positive cloud feedback in winter.
Sea-ice loss and radiative feedbacks have been proposed to explain Arctic amplification (AA)-the enhanced Arctic warming under increased greenhouse gases, but their relationship is unclear. By analyzing coupled CESM1 simulations with 1%/year CO2 increases, we show that without large sea-ice loss and AA, the lapse rate, Planck, and surface albedo feedbacks are greatly reduced, while the positive water vapor feedback changes little. The positive Arctic lapse rate feedback, which results from enhanced surface warming rather than the high stability of Arctic air, and changes in atmospheric energy transport across the Arctic Circle are a result, not a cause, of AA; while the water vapor feedback also plays a minor role. Instead, AA results from enhanced winter oceanic heating associated with sea-ice loss that is aided by a positive surface albedo feedback in summer and positive cloud feedback in winter.
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