Development and validation of an immune gene set-based prognostic signature in cutaneous melanoma

We aimed to fully understand the landscape of the skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) microenvironment and develop an immune prognostic signature that can predict the prognosis for SKCM patients. RNA sequencing data and clinical information were downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases. The immune-prognostic signature was constructed by LASSO Cox regression analysis. We calculated the relative abundance of 29 immune-related gene sets based on the mRNA expression profiles of 314 SKCM patients in the Cancer Genome Atlas training set. Hierarchical clustering was performed to classify SKCM patients into three clusters: immunity-high, -medium and -low. The values of our prognostic model in predicting disease progression, metastasis and immunotherapeutic responses were also validated. In conclusion, the prognostic model demonstrated a powerful ability to distinguish and predict SKCM patients' prognosis. Lay abstract Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is one of the most aggressive skin cancers, with an increasing incidence worldwide. The introduction of immunotherapy has dramatically improved overall survival, but the identification of patients who will benefit from immunotherapy and the determination of the best treatment choice remain crucial. The immediate surroundings of the tumor (the tumor microenvironment) are closely related to the response to cancer immunotherapy. The objective of this study was to comprehensively understand the tumor microenvironment of SKCM and to develop a model that can predict the prognosis of SKCM patients. Based on genetic data of 314 SKCM patients, we classified SKCM patients into three groups: immunity-high, -medium and -low. Immune cells, molecules and cellular signaling were overexpressed in the immunity-high cluster. Our immune-related prognostic model consists of five core genes and has been confirmed to be an ideal biomarker for predicting the survival of SKCM patients. Furthermore, the value of our prognostic model in predicting disease progression, metastasis and response to immunotherapy were also validated. In summary, the immune-related five-gene prognostic model demonstrated a powerful ability to stratify and predict SKCM patients' prognosis. Prospective clinical studies are needed to further validate the accuracy in its clinical application.

Automated summary

The study aimed to understand the SKCM microenvironment and develop an immune prognostic signature to predict patient outcomes. Through genetic analysis, patients were classified into three groups, with immune-related genes showing higher expression in the immune-high group. The prognostic model demonstrated strong predictive ability for SKCM patient outcomes.