Journal
FUNGAL DIVERSITY
Volume 110, Issue 1, Pages 75-107Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s13225-021-00487-5
Keywords
Ancestral characters; Evolution; Host-recognition; Hyaline appressoria; Infection process; Melanized appressoria; Proto-appressoria
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Funding
- Thailand Research Fund entitled Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Sub region [RDG6130001]
- Chiang Mai University
- National Research Council of Thailand [NRCT5-TRG630010-01]
- International Postdoctoral Exchange Fellowship Program [Y9180822S1]
- CAS President's International Fellowship Initiative [2020PC0009]
- China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
- Yunnan Human Resources, and Social Security Department Foundation
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Fungi use diverse strategies to acquire nutrients, with hyaline appressoria identified as the most ancestral form. Research indicates proto-appressoria diversification starting in the Mesozoic era, but its exact origin remains inconclusive. Evidence suggests that hyaline appressoria diversified into melanized or compound appressoria, with signs of adaptive radiation.
Fungi have evolved diverse strategies to acquire nutrients as endophytes, saprobes, symbionts, or pathogens. Appressoria have been intensively studied due to their importance in attaching and breaching the host surface. These specialized infection structures have evolved into various morpho-types: proto-appressoria, hyaline appressoria, melanized (dark) appressoria, and compound appressoria. In this review, we discuss the differences in the formation, differentiation, and function of appressoria among fungi with diverse life strategies. Using DNA sequence information, LSU, 5.8S, SSU and rpb2 gene fragments, we reconstructed the ancestral states for appressorial types in the main phyla of fungi and fungus-like organisms and found that the hyaline appressoria was the most ancestral form. Our analysis estimated proto-appressoria diversification during the Mesozoic period (92-239 million years ago), however, its origin remains inconclusive. Our data suggest that these hyaline appressoria diversified into melanized or compound appressoria, with evidence of adaptive radiation.
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