Cooperation between hydrogenation and acidic sites in Cu-based catalyst for selective conversion of furfural to γ-valerolactone

The production of gamma-valerolactone (GVL) receives increasing attention due to its extensive applications as a promising fuel and fuel additive. In this study, the direct conversion of biomass-derived furfural to GVL with a unprecedent yield of 90.5% was achieved via consecutive hydrogenation and acid-catalyzed reactions over CuAl for hydrogenation and a co-catalyst (i.e. H-ZSM-5) for acid-catalysis in ethanol. The relative abundance of the hydrogenation sites and acidic sites determines the reaction network and the transfer of the main products from furfuryl alcohol (FA) to ethyl levulinate (EL) or GVL, as the acidic sites, especially the Bronsted acidic sites, not only catalyze the formation of EL from FA, but also affect the hydrogenation activity of CuAl. However, the Lewis acidic sites facilitate the opening ring of FA to 1,4-pentanediol, preventing the GVL formation. The acid catalyst and hydrogenation catalyst deactivate via varied mechanisms in the conversion of furfural to GVL, which is required to be considered in the further development of the robust catalysts.

Automated summary

This study achieved a unprecedented yield of 90.5% in the direct conversion of biomass-derived furfural to GVL through consecutive hydrogenation and acid-catalyzed reactions over CuAl and a co-catalyst (i.e. H-ZSM-5) in ethanol. The abundance of hydrogenation sites and acidic sites plays a key role in determining the reaction network and product transfer, with different mechanisms of deactivation for the acid and hydrogenation catalysts needing consideration in future catalyst development.