Journal
EXPERT REVIEW OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS
Volume 21, Issue 10, Pages 1049-1064Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS AS
DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1962711
Keywords
Collagen cross-linking; lysyl oxidase; transglutaminse 2; peroxidasin; organ fibrosis; fibrosis resolution; cross-linking biomarkers
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Funding
- Novo Nordisk Foundation [NNF13OC0004294]
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This review discusses the enzymatic actions of enzymes catalyzing collagen cross-linking and their relevance in organ fibrosis. Additionally, potential biomarkers specifically quantifying proteolytic fragments of collagen cross-linking are explored based on a Pubmed search conducted in November 2020 and the authors' knowledge.
Introduction: Enzymatic cross-linking of the collagens within the extracellular matrix (ECM) catalyzed by enzymes such as lysyl oxidase (LOX) and lysyl oxidase like-enzymes 1-4 (LOXL), transglutaminase 2 (TG2), and peroxidasin (PXDN) contribute to fibrosis progression through extensive collagen cross-linking. Studies in recent years have begun elucidating the important role of collagen cross-linking in perpetuating progression of organ fibrosis independently of inflammation through an increasingly stiff and noncompliant ECM. Therefore, collagen cross-linking and the cross-linking enzymes have become new targets in anti-fibrotic therapy as well as targets of novel biomarkers to properly assess resolution of the fibrotic ECM. Areas covered: The enzymatic actions of enzymes catalyzing collagen cross-linking and their relevance in organ fibrosis. Potential biomarkers specifically quantifying proteolytic fragments of collagen cross-linking is discussed based on Pubmed search done in November 2020 as well as the authors knowledge. Expert opinion: Current methods for the assessment of fibrosis involve the use of invasive and/or cumbersome and expensive methods such as tissue biopsies. Thus, an unmet need exists for the development and validation of minimally invasive biomarkers of proteolytic fragments of cross-linked collagens. These biomarkers may aid in the development and proper assessment of fibrosis resolution in coming years.
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