Journal
EXPERIMENTAL EYE RESEARCH
Volume 207, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108594
Keywords
TGF beta-1; TGF beta-2; TGF beta-3; miRNA; lncRNA; Wound healing; Fibrosis; Myofibroblasts; SMAD; TGF receptors; Connective tissue growth factor; Platelet-derived growth factor; Hepatocyte growth factor; Corneal stroma; Decorin; Biglycan; Fibromodulin; SLRPs; Integrins; Thrombospondin-1; Basement membranes; Differential receptor binding competition
Categories
Funding
- Department of Defense [VR180066]
- US Public Health Service from the National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD [RO1 EY10056, P30 EY025585]
- Research to Prevent Blindness, New York, NY
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The TGF beta-1, -2 and -3 isoforms, transcribed from different genes, share the same regulatory mechanisms and signal transduction pathways. Despite the traditional belief that TGF beta-1 and TGF beta-2 are pro-fibrotic while TGF beta-3 is anti-fibrotic, this review suggests that TGF beta-3 actually shares more similarities in regulating fibrotic gene expression with TGF beta-1 and TGF beta-2. The complex interplay between these three isoforms and various proteins controls the healing process in response to injury and the resolution of fibrosis in different organs.
The TGF beta-1, -2 and -3 isoforms are transcribed from different genes but bind to the same receptors and signal through the same canonical and non-canonical signal transduction pathways. There are numerous regulatory mechanisms controlling the action of each isoform that include the organ-specific cells producing latent TGF beta growth factors, multiple effectors that activate the isoforms, ECM-associated SLRPs and basement membrane components that modulate the activity and localization of the isoforms, other interactive cytokine-growth factor receptor systems, such as PDGF and CTGF, TGF beta receptor expression on target cells, including myofibroblast precursors, receptor binding competition, positive and negative signal transduction effectors, and transcription and translational regulatory mechanisms. While there has long been the view that TGF beta-1and TGF beta-2 are pro-fibrotic, while TGF beta-3 is anti-fibrotic, this review suggests that view is too simplistic, at least in adult tissues, since TGF beta-3 shares far more similarities in its modulation of fibrotic gene expression with TGF beta-1 and TGF beta-2, than it does differences, and often the differences are subtle. Rather, TGF beta-3 should be seen as a fibro-modulatory partner to the other two isoforms that modulates a nuanced and better controlled response to injury. The complex interplay between the three isoforms and numerous interactive proteins, in the context of the cellular milieu, controls regenerative non-fibrotic vs. fibrotic healing in a response to injury in a particular organ, as well as the resolution of fibrosis, when that occurs.
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