Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Volume 55, Issue 16, Pages 11388-11396Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02734
Keywords
capacitive reverse electrodialysis; irreversible faradic reactions; pH change; salinity gradients; power generation; stack voltage
Categories
Funding
- Research and Development Program of the Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER) [B8-2441]
- Technology Development Program to Solve Climate Changes of the National Research Foundation (KRF) - Ministry of Science and ICT, Republic of Korea [2017M1A2A2047366]
- National Research Foundation of Korea [2017M1A2A2047366] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
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Increasing the initial output voltage of capacitive RED has an insignificant impact on irreversible faradic reactions, but controlling the cutoff output voltage of CRED effectively avoids irreversible faradic reactions and ensures stable power generation.
Irreversible faradic reactions in reverse electro-dialysis (RED) are an emerging concern for scale-up, reducing the overall performance of RED and producing environmentally harmful chemical species. Capacitive RED (CRED) has the potential to generate electricity without the necessity of irreversible faradic reactions. However, there is a critical knowledge gap in the fundamental understanding of the effects of operational stack voltages of CRED on irreversible faradic reactions and the performance of CRED. This study aims to develop an active control strategy to avoid irreversible faradic reactions and pH change in CRED, focusing on the effects of a stack voltage (0.9-5.0 V) on irreversible faradic reactions and power generation. Results show that increasing the initial output voltage of CRED by increasing a stack voltage has an insignificant impact on irreversible faradic reactions, regardless of the stack voltage applied, but a cutoff output voltage of CRED is mainly responsible for controlling irreversible faradic reactions. The CRED system with eliminating irreversible faradic reactions achieved a maximum power density (1.6 W m(-2)) from synthetic seawater (0.513 M NaCl) and freshwater (0.004 M NaCl). This work suggests that the control of irreversible faradic reactions in CRED can provide stable power generation using salinity gradients in large-scale operations.
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