Journal
ELECTROANALYSIS
Volume 33, Issue 9, Pages 1997-2015Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100174
Keywords
nitric oxide; in vivo sensors; continuous monitoring; blood gases; glucose; lactate
Categories
Funding
- National Institutes of Health [NIH-EB-023294]
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This review introduces the physiological functions of NO to improve the biocompatibility of implantable electrochemical sensors, as well as provides a detailed summary of various types of NO releasing sensors and their performance in benchtop and/or in vivo testing. Discussions on prospects of future developments in NO releasing sensor technology for clinical use are also presented.
The real-time, continuous monitoring of glucose/lactate, blood gases and electrolytes by implantable electrochemical sensors holds significant value for critically ill and diabetic patients. However, the wide-spread use of such devices has been seriously hampered by implant-initiated host responses (e. g., thrombus formation, inflammatory responses and bacterial infection) when sensors are implanted in blood or tissue. As a result, the accuracy and usable lifetime of in vivo sensors are often compromised. Nitric oxide (NO) is an endogenous gas molecule able to inhibit platelet adhesion/activation, inflammatory responses and bacterial growth. As such, the release of NO from the surfaces of in vivo sensors is a promising strategy for enhancement of their biocompatibility and analytical performance. In this review, the physiological functions of NO to improve the biocompatibility of implantable electrochemical sensors are introduced, followed by a brief analysis of chemical approaches to realize NO release from such devices. A detailed summary of the various types of NO releasing electrochemical sensors reported to date and their performance in benchtop and/or in vivo testing are also provided. Finally, the prospects of future developments to further advance NO releasing sensor technology for clinical use are discussed.
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