The relationship between meal carbohydrate quantity and the insulin to carbohydrate ratio required to maintain glycaemia is non-linear in young people with type 1 diabetes: A randomized crossover trial

Objective To determine if the relationship between meal carbohydrate quantity and the insulin to carbohydrate ratio (ICR) required to maintain glycaemia is linear in people with type 1 diabetes. Methods We used an open labelled randomized four-arm cross-over study design. Participants (N = 31) aged 12-27 years, HbA1c <= 64 mmol/mol (8.0%) received insulin doses based on the individual's ICR and the study breakfast carbohydrate quantity and then consumed four breakfasts containing 20, 50, 100 and 150 g of carbohydrate over four consecutive days in randomized order. The breakfast fat and protein percentages were standardized. Postprandial glycaemia was assessed by 5 h continuous glucose monitoring. The primary outcome was percent time in range (TIR) and secondary outcomes included hypoglycaemia, glucose excursion and incremental area under the curve. Statistical analysis included linear mixed modelling and Wilcoxon signed rank tests. Results The 20 g carbohydrate breakfast had the largest proportion of TIR (0.74 +/- 0.29 p < 0.04). Hypoglycaemia was more frequent in the 50 g (n = 13, 42%) and 100 g (n = 15, 50%) breakfasts compared to the 20 g (n = 6, 20%) and 150 g (n = 7, 26%) breakfasts (p < 0.029). The 150 g breakfast glucose excursion pattern was different from the smaller breakfasts with the lowest glucose excursion 0-2 h and the highest excursion from 3.5 to 5 h. Conclusions A non-linear relationship between insulin requirement and breakfast carbohydrate content was observed, suggesting that strengthened ICRs are needed for meals with <= 20 and >= 150 g of carbohydrate. Meals with >= 150 g of carbohydrate may benefit from dual wave bolusing.

Automated summary

This study found a non-linear relationship between meal carbohydrate quantity and the insulin to carbohydrate ratio required to maintain blood sugar levels in individuals with type 1 diabetes. It suggests that strengthening ICRs is necessary for meals with <= 20 and >= 150 g of carbohydrate. Additionally, meals with >= 150 g of carbohydrate may benefit from dual wave bolusing.