Journal
CURRENT OPINION IN PEDIATRICS
Volume 33, Issue 6, Pages 549-555Publisher
LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS
DOI: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000001061
Keywords
COVID-19; cytokine storm syndrome; genetics; multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children; SARS-CoV-2
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Funding
- NIH [K08-AR072075]
- Arthritis Foundation
- Alabama Chapter Endowed Chair in Pediatric Rheumatology
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Various genetic approaches have identified associations between severe COVID-19 and MIS-C in children and adults, pointing to genes related to antiviral functions, viral cell entry, immune regulation, chemotaxis of white blood cells, and lymphocyte cytolytic function.
Purpose of review This review is meant to describe the genetic associations with pediatric severe COVID-19 pneumonia and the postinfectious complication of the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Multiple genetic approaches have been carried out, primarily in adults with extrapolation to children, including genome-wide association studies (GWAS), whole exome and whole genome sequencing (WES/WGS), and target gene analyses. Recent findings Data from adults with severe COVID-19 have identified genomic regions (human leukocyte antigen locus and 3p21.31) as potential risk factors. Genes related to viral entry into cells (ABO blood group locus, ACE2, TMPRS22) have been linked to severe COVID-19 patients by GWAS and target gene approaches. Type I interferon (e.g. IFNAR2) and antiviral gene (e.g. TLR7) associations have been identified by several genetic approaches in severe COVID-19. WES has noted associations with several immune regulatory genes (e.g. SOCS1). Target gene approaches have identified mutations in perforin-mediated cytolytic pathway genes in children and adults with severe COVID-19 and children with MIS-C. Several genetic associations have been identified in individuals with severe COVID-19 and MIS-C via various genetic approaches. Broadly speaking, COVID-19 genetic associations include genes involved with antiviral functions, viral cell entry, immune regulation, chemotaxis of white blood cells, and lymphocyte cytolytic function.
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