Growth and miniaturization among alvarersauroid dinosaurs

Sustained miniaturization, here defined as a drop in body size of at least two orders of magnitude from ancestors to descendants, is a widespread and important phenomenon in animals,(1-3) but among dinosaurs, miniaturization occurred only rarely, once in the lineage leading to birds and once in the Alvarersauroidea,(1-3-5) one of the most bizarre theropod groups.(1,5-7) Miniaturization and powered flight are intimately linked in avialan theropods, (3,5,6,8-11) but the causes and patterns of body size reduction are less clear in the non-volant Alvarersauroidea. (1,5,6,)(12)(,)(13) Here, we present results from analyses on a comprehensive dataset, which not only includes new data from early-branching alvarersauroids but also considers the ontogenetic effect based on histological data. Our analyses show that alvarersauroid body mass underwent rapid miniaturization from around 110 to 85 mya and that there was a phylogenetic radiation of small-sized alvarersauroids in the Late Cretaceous. Our analyses also indicate that growth strategies were highly variable among alvarezsauroids, with significant differences among extremely small taxa. The suggested alvarersauroid miniaturization and associated phylogenetic radiation are coincident with the emergence of ants and termites, and combining previous functional morphological data, our study suggests that alvarersauroid miniaturization might have been driven by ecological changes during the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution, more specifically by a shift to the myrmecophagous ecological niche.

Automated summary

Research shows that Alvarersauroidea underwent rapid miniaturization during the Late Cretaceous, coinciding with the emergence of ants and termites, possibly driven by ecological changes during the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution.