Mixing dry and wet magmas in the lower crust of a continental arc: new petrological insights from the Bear Valley Intrusive Suite, southern Sierra Nevada, California

Exposures of arc crustal sections represent rare opportunities to directly evaluate lower crustal magmatic processes and their link to arc products in the middle and upper crust. Within the southernmost Sierra Nevada batholith, the Bear Valley Intrusive Suite (BVIS) exposes a contemporaneously constructed similar to 30 km thick intrusive suite, and thus is ideal for this type of examination. Here we present detailed petrography and mineral major and trace element data for the BVIS. The deepest exposed portion of the BVIS (8-9 kbars) is composed of heterogeneous mafic igneous intrusions of olivine metagabbro, olivine-hornblende orthopyroxenite, olivine-bearing hornblende norite, hornblende norite, hornblende gabbronorite, hornblendite and hornblende gabbro. Shallower crustal intrusions (3-7 kbars) are comparatively homogeneous and dominated by hypersthene-bearing and hypersthene-free tonalites. Using amphibole-plagioclase geothermometry, we show that the mafic lower crustal intrusions crystallized over a wide temperature range from 850 to 1070 degrees C, highlighting mafic igneous fractionation during isobaric cooling in the lower crust of the Sierran arc, while tonalitic liquids were emplaced at temperatures < 800 degrees C in the middle and upper crust. Calculated trace element melt compositions in equilibrium with amphibole in lower crustal gabbros are similar to measured tonalite bulk compositions and support the generation of tonalites through fractionation of the observed gabbros. Further, petrography and mineral chemistry suggest multiple distinct crystallization sequences recorded in the different types of gabbro, requiring the presence of coexisting parental melts with contrasting compositions and H2O contents. Using available experimental data, we develop a model by which mixing of variably fractionated dry and wet magmas with similar viscosities followed by crystallization-differentiation in the deep crust to explain the formation of uniform tonalitic melts at shallower crustal levels in the BVIS. This process also explains the unusual predominance of orthopyroxene in the BVIS, and the limited aluminum enrichment compared to experimental differentiation sequences of hydrous basalts. Considering the similar geochemical characteristics of intermediate and felsic igneous rocks from the Sierra Nevada batholith and the Cascades, mixing magmas of variable H2O contents in the lower crust represents a viable petrological process to produce SiO2-rich liquids that may be more common than previously recognized.

Automated summary

Exposures of arc crustal sections provide rare opportunities to study lower crustal magmatic processes in connection with middle and upper crustal arc products. Through detailed petrography and mineral chemistry of the Bear Valley Intrusive Suite, this study reveals the crystallization processes of mafic and tonalitic rocks in the lower crust of the Sierran arc. The research proposes a model involving mixing of dry and wet magmas with similar viscosities and crystallization-differentiation processes in the deep crust to explain the formation of SiO2-rich melts in the Bear Valley Intrusive Suite.