Journal
CHEMSUSCHEM
Volume 14, Issue 23, Pages 5271-5282Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101348
Keywords
biomass; fructose; carbonization; reaction mechanisms; structure elucidation
Funding
- European Union [721991]
- Marie Curie Actions (MSCA) [721991] Funding Source: Marie Curie Actions (MSCA)
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Hydrothermal carbonization is an effective way to convert cellulosic waste into valuable platform chemicals and carbonaceous materials, with fructose being an ideal carbon precursor. The study found that acid catalysis and reaction conditions have a significant impact on the conversion products, and a slight overpressure of the reactor is beneficial for improving conversion efficiency.
Hydrothermal carbonization is a powerful way to convert cellulosic waste into valuable platform chemicals and carbonaceous materials. In this study, to optimize the process, fructose was chosen as the carbon precursor and the influence of reaction time, acid catalysis, feed gas and pressure on the conversion products is evaluated. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is produced in high amounts in relatively short time. Both strong and weak acids accelerate fructose conversion. Levulinic acid (LevA) formation is faster than that of hydrothermal (HT) carbon in acidic conditions. Strong acid catalysts should be considered to target preferentially LevA production, whereas milder conditions should be preferred for HMF production. Moreover, a slight initial overpressure of the reactor is always beneficial in terms of conversion. FT-IR and C-13 ss-NMR spectroscopy and SEM showed that HT carbon evolves through time from a furanic-based structure with alkylic linkers to an increasingly cross-linked condensed structure. MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry showed the existence of a series of oligomers in a mass range within 650 Da and 1500 Da formed by condensation of repeating units.
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