A potential insensitive-highly-energetic material through conjugation-promoted N-oxidation strategy

Striking a well balance between energy, sensitivity and thermostability of high performing organic materials has become a big challenge in the community of energetic materials. In the recent years, simple N-oxidation approach based on nitropyrimidine and nitropyridazine has been disclosed since the year of 1995 when nitropyrazine-N-oxides (such as LLM-105:2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide) was developed, however, the development of facile N-oxidation via fused heterocylic ring is still stagnant, which has strongly limited the appearance of advanced materials. Herein, we present the specific synthesis of novel energetic materials with excellent properties in different aspects based on pyrazolium[5,1-C][1,2,4]triazine framework. Especially, for the first time we synthesized pyrazolium[5,1-C] [1,2,4]triazine N-oxide, which also suggests that N-oxidation has introduced more intramolecular hydrogen bonds and resulted in larger conjugation effect at the molecular level, giving rise to an effective strategy in improving energy, safety and thermostability of energetic materials simultaneously. All compounds exhibit high densities (1.872-1.917 g center dot cm(-3)) and energetic performance (8657-8990 m center dot s(-1)). Among them, 8-nitro-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)pyrazolo[5,1-c]00triazine-4,7-diamine (FPT-3) and 4-amino-7,8-dinitro-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)pyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazine-2-oxide (FPT-4) hold brilliant onset decomposition temperatures (FPT-3: Td = 335 C-degrees; FPT-4: Td = 273 C-degrees), good detonation properties (FPT-3: V-d = 8657 m s(-1); FPT-4: V-d = 8851 m center dot s(-1)) and very low sensitivities (FPT-3: IS > 60 J, FS > 360 N; FPT-4: IS > 55 J, FS > 360 N), which indicate that both compounds are high energy explosives with very low sensitivity and excellent thermostability.

Automated summary

Striking a balance between energy, sensitivity, and thermostability is a challenge in the field of energetic materials. In this study, novel energetic materials based on the pyrazolium[5,1-C][1,2,4]triazine framework were synthesized, demonstrating high density, excellent energetic performance, low sensitivity, and superior thermostability.