Extensive Cortical Connectivity of the Human Hippocampal Memory System: Beyond the What and Where Dual Stream Model

The human hippocampus is involved in forming new memories: damage impairs memory. The dual stream model suggests that object what representations from ventral stream temporal cortex project to the hippocampus via the perirhinal and then lateral entorhinal cortex, and spatial where representations from the dorsal parietal stream via the parahippocampal gyrus and then medial entorhinal cortex. The hippocampus can then associate these inputs to form episodic memories of what happened where. Diffusion tractography was used to reveal the direct connections of hippocampal system areas in humans. This provides evidence that the human hippocampus has extensive direct cortical connections, with connections that bypass the entorhinal cortex to connect with the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortex, with the temporal pole, with the posterior and retrosplenial cingulate cortex, and even with early sensory cortical areas. The connections are less hierarchical and segregated than in the dual stream model. This provides a foundation for a conceptualization for how the hippocampal memory system connects with the cerebral cortex and operates in humans. One implication is that prehippocampal cortical areas such as the parahippocampal TF and TH subregions and perirhinal cortices may implement specialized computations that can benefit from inputs from the dorsal and ventral streams.

Automated summary

The human hippocampus is crucial in encoding new memories and utilizes inputs from different streams to form episodic memories. Diffusion tractography has revealed extensive direct connections between the hippocampus and various cortical areas in humans, indicating a complex network that involves specialized computations for memory processing.