Understanding and countering opioid-induced respiratory depression

Respiratory depression is the proximal cause of death in opioid overdose, yet the mechanisms underlying this potentially fatal outcome are not well understood. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the pharmacological mechanisms of opioid-induced respiratory depression, which could lead to improved therapeutic options to counter opioid overdose, as well as other detrimental effects of opioids on breathing. The development of tolerance in the respiratory system is also discussed, as are differences in the degree of respiratory depression caused by various opioid agonists. Finally, potential future therapeutic agents aimed at reversing or avoiding opioid-induced respiratory depression through non-opioid receptor targets are in development and could provide certain advantages over naloxone. By providing an overview of mechanisms and effects of opioids in the respiratory network, this review will benefit future research on countering opioid-induced respiratory depression.

Automated summary

This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the pharmacological mechanisms of opioid-induced respiratory depression, with the goal of improving therapeutic options for opioid overdose and other detrimental effects on breathing. The review discusses the development of tolerance in the respiratory system and differences in the degree of respiratory depression caused by different opioid agonists. Potential future therapeutic agents targeting non-opioid receptors are also explored.