Competitive activation cross amplification combined with smartphone-based quantification for point-of-care detection of single nucleotide polymorphism

In this study, we firstly propose a novel smartphone-assisted visualization SNP genotyping method termed competitive activation cross amplification (CACA). The mutation detection strategy depends on the ingenious design of both a start primer and a verification probe with ribonucleotide insertion through competitive combination and perfect matching with the target DNA, Meanwhile, the RNase H2 enzyme was utilized to specifically cleave ribonucleotide insertion and achieve extremely specific dual verification. Simultaneously, the results allow both colorimetric and fluorescence product dual-mode visualization by using self-designed 3D-printed dual function cassette. We validated this novel CACA by analyzing the Salmonella Pullorum rfbS gene at the 237th site, successfully solve the current bottleneck of specific identification and visual detection of this pathogen. The concentration detection limits of the plasmid and genomic DNA were 1500 copies/?L and 3.98 pg/?L, respectively, and as low as the presence of 0.1% mutant-type can be distinguished from 99.9% wild-type. Combined with a powerful hand-warmer, which can provide heating more than 60 ?C for 20 h to realize power-free, dual function cassette and smartphone quantitation, our novel CACA platform firstly realizes user-friendly, costeffective, portable, rapid, and accurate POC detection of SNP.

Automated summary

In this study, a novel genotyping method called CACA was proposed, which utilizes smartphone-assisted visualization to enhance the efficiency of specific pathogen identification and detection. The method has low detection limits and high accuracy, and when combined with a portable hand-warmer, it achieves power-free testing.