High Prevalence of Hypocitraturia in Stone Formers from the Maya Region of Yucatan, Mexico

Background. Urinary Stone Disease (USD) arises from an interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Urinary metabolic abnormalities are well described as risk factors. In Mexico, the Maya region holds the highest prevalence of USD. Treatment of these abnormalities lowers the risk of recurrences. Aim. Assess the underlying metabolic abnormalities of patients with USD to provide a rationale to lead further prevention strategies. Methods. Clinical and demographical data from patients coming to the Stone Clinic were prospectively collected along with a 24 h urinary panel to identify metabolic abnormalities. All participants signed consent and the study was approved by the hospital's institutional review board. Results. A total of 126 patients were included, with a mean age of 47.2 +/- 13 years, 75.4% were female. A positive family history of stones was observed in 40 and 87.3% were overweight/obese. The frequency of hypocitraturia, hypercalciuria, hypomagnesuria, hyperoxaluria, and hyperuricosuria was 91.3, 68.5, 42.1, 36.5, and 26.6%, respectively. Median urinary citrate was 79.5 (37.5-160) mg/24 h and was inversely correlated to glycemia. Urine Calcium/Creatinine index was correlated with Hounsfield units (HU) (p = 0.01). Oxalate was correlated with HU and stone burden. Interestingly, dietary distribution of macro-and micronutrients were similar between groups. Patients with a single kidney had lower citrate and higher urinary calcium. Conclusions. Interestingly, a shortage of inhibitors such as citrate and magnesium are highly prevalent in patients with USD from the Maya region and seems to be influenced by other metabolic conditions as malnutrition next to the genetic component. (c) 2021 Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

Common metabolic abnormalities in urinary stone patients in the Maya region of Mexico include hypocitraturia, hypercalciuria, hypomagnesuria, hyperoxaluria, and hyperuricosuria. Interestingly, a deficiency of inhibitors such as citrate and magnesium is highly prevalent and may be influenced by other metabolic conditions and malnutrition.