Journal
APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL
Volume 293, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2021.120219
Keywords
Esterification; Heterogeneous catalysis; Levulinate esters; Bio-renewable fuel additives
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This study presents a novel strategy for the efficient synthesis of levulinate esters using commercial catalysts, ZSM-5 and Amberlyst-15, under mild conditions and short reaction times, resulting in high yields and selectivity.
The esterification of levulinic acid under acidic conditions to produce levulinate esters is of current significant interest due to the potential of these compounds as fuels and fuel additives. While a number of bespoke heterogeneous catalysts have been reported to be effective for this transformation, the use of widely available commercial catalysts has generally proved to be ineffective, with only low conversions to ester products being achieved. Herein, we report a novel strategy for the efficient synthesis of levulinate esters from levulinic acid in the presence of trialkyl orthoformates or dialkyl acetals and ketals catalyzed by commercial catalysts, such as ZSM-5 and Amberlyst-15. These reactions proceed under mild conditions and in short reaction times to selectively produce high yields of levulinate esters.
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