RexAB Promotes the Survival of Staphylococcus aureus Exposed to Multiple Classes of Antibiotics

Antibiotics inhibit essential bacterial processes, resulting in arrest of growth and, in some cases, cell death. Many antibiotics are also reported to trigger endogenous production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which damage DNA, leading to induction of the mutagenic SOS response associated with the emergence of drug resistance. However, the type of DNA damage that arises and how this triggers the SOS response are largely unclear. We found that several different classes of antibiotic triggered dose-dependent induction of the SOS response in Staphylococcus aureus, indicative of DNA damage, including some bacteriostatic drugs. The SOS response was heterogenous and varied in magnitude between strains and antibiotics. However, in many cases, full induction of the SOS response was dependent upon the RexAB helicase/nuclease complex, which processes DNA double-strand breaks to produce single-stranded DNA and facilitate RecA nucleoprotein filament formation. The importance of RexAB in repair of DNA was confirmed by measuring bacterial survival during antibiotic exposure, with most drugs having significantly greater bactericidal activity against rexB mutants than against wild-type strains. For some, but not all, antibiotics there was no difference in bactericidal activity between wild type and rexB mutant under anaerobic conditions, indicative of a role for reactive oxygen species in mediating DNA damage. Taken together, this work confirms previous observations that several classes of antibiotics cause DNA damage in S. aureus and extends them by showing that processing of DNA double-strand breaks by RexAB is a major trigger of the mutagenic SOS response and promotes bacterial survival.

Automated summary

Antibiotics inhibit bacterial growth and lead to cell death, while certain antibiotics can also induce the production of reactive oxygen species that damage bacterial DNA and promote drug resistance. Different classes of antibiotics were found to dose-dependently induce the SOS response in Staphylococcus aureus, indicating DNA damage, with the RexAB helicase/nuclease complex playing a key role in this process. This study confirms that several classes of antibiotics cause DNA damage in S. aureus and highlights the importance of RexAB in triggering the mutagenic SOS response and promoting bacterial survival.