Virulence and Pathogenicity of Chytrid Fungi Causing Amphibian Extinctions

Ancient enzootic associations between wildlife and their infections allow evolution to innovatemechanisms of pathogenicity that are counterbalanced by host responses. However, erosion of barriers to pathogen dispersal by globalization leads to the infection of hosts that have not evolved effective resistance and the emergence of highly virulent infections. Global amphibian declines driven by the rise of chytrid fungi and chytridiomycosis are emblematic of emerging infections. Here, we review how modern biological methods have been used to understand the adaptations and counteradaptations that these fungi and their amphibian hosts have evolved. We explore the interplay of biotic and abiotic factors that modify the virulence of these infections and dissect the complexity of this disease system. We highlight progress that has led to insights into how we might in the future lessen the impact of these emerging infections.

Automated summary

Ancient associations between wildlife and their infections allow evolution to innovate pathogenicity mechanisms that are counterbalanced by host responses. However, globalization has eroded barriers to pathogen dispersal, leading to the emergence of highly virulent infections. Amphibian declines driven by chytrid fungi highlight the need to understand adaptations and counteradaptations of these infections.