Drop Impact Dynamics: Impact Force and Stress Distributions

Dynamic variables of drop impact such as force, drag, pressure, and stress distributions are key to understanding a wide range of natural and industrial processes. While the study of drop impact kinematics has been in constant progress for decades thanks to high-speed photography and computational fluid dynamics, research on drop impact dynamics has only peaked in the last 10 years. Here, we review how recent coordinated efforts of experiments, simulations, and theories have led to new insights on drop impact dynamics. Particularly, we consider the temporal evolution of the impact force in the early- and late-impact regimes, as well as spatiotemporal features of the pressure and shear-stress distributions on solid surfaces. We also discuss other factors, including the presence of water layers, air cushioning, and nonspherical drop geometry, and briefly review granular impact cratering by liquid drops as an example demonstrating the distinct consequences of the stress distributions of drop impact.

Automated summary

Recognizing the importance of dynamic variables in drop impact, recent efforts in experiments, simulations, and theories have provided new insights into the temporal evolution of impact force, pressure, and shear-stress distributions on solid surfaces. The study of drop impact dynamics has only recently reached its peak, with significant progress made in the last 10 years.