Journal
ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION
Volume 60, Issue 41, Pages 22126-22147Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015200
Keywords
hyperpolarization; magnetic resonance imaging; NMR spectroscopy; spin-exchange optical pumping; Xe-129
Categories
Funding
- DOD CDMRP [W81XWH-12-1-0159/BC112431, W81XWH-15-1-0271, W81XWH-15-1-0272, W81XWH-20-10576, W81XWH-20-10578]
- NSF [CHE-1905341, CHE-1904780]
- NHLBI [R21HL154032, 5R44HL123299-04]
- Cottrell SEED Award from Research Corporation for Science Advancement
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham
- James Tudor Foundation
- EPSRC-IAA
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Hyperpolarization techniques can significantly increase nuclear magnetic resonance signals and have great potential in biomedical applications, especially in lung imaging. Hyperpolarized Xe-129 offers more functional information and faster imaging speed compared to CT and conventional MRI.
Hyperpolarization is a technique that can increase nuclear spin polarization with the corresponding gains in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals by 4-8 orders of magnitude. When this process is applied to biologically relevant samples, the hyperpolarized molecules can be used as exogenous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. A technique called spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP) can be applied to hyperpolarize noble gases such as Xe-129. Techniques based on hyperpolarized Xe-129 are poised to revolutionize clinical lung imaging, offering a non-ionizing, high-contrast alternative to computed tomography (CT) imaging and conventional proton MRI. Moreover, CT and conventional proton MRI report on lung tissue structure but provide little functional information. On the other hand, when a subject breathes hyperpolarized Xe-129 gas, functional lung images reporting on lung ventilation, perfusion and diffusion with 3D readout can be obtained in seconds. In this Review, the physics of SEOP is discussed and the different production modalities are explained in the context of their clinical application. We also briefly compare SEOP to other hyperpolarization methods and conclude this paper with the outlook for biomedical applications of hyperpolarized Xe-129 to lung imaging and beyond.
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