4.8 Article

In Vitro Bactericidal Efficacy of Nanostructured Ti6Al4V Surfaces is Bacterial Load Dependent

Journal

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
Volume 13, Issue 32, Pages 38007-38017

Publisher

AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06919

Keywords

hydrothermally etched; titanium implants; nanostructures; nanospikes; antimicrobial; antibiofilm; orthopedic; prosthetic joint infection

Funding

  1. Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources (Innovative Manufacturing CRC Ltd) Global Orthopaedic Technology Pty Ltd. [IMCRC/GOT/13032018]
  2. Corin Australia
  3. University of South Australia
  4. NHMRC [GNT1194466]

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The development of a nanostructured titanium surface shows promising results in reducing the viability of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, potentially reducing implant infection rates.
The demand for medical implants globally has increased significantly due to an aging population amongst other reasons. Despite the overall increase in the survivorship of Ti6Al4V implants, implant infection rates are increasing due to factors such as diabetes, obesity, and bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Two commonly found bacteria implicated in implant infections are Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Based on prior work that showed nanostructured surfaces might have potential in passively killing these bacterial species, we developed a hierarchical, hydrothermally etched, nanostructured titanium surface. To evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of this surface, etched and as-received surfaces were inoculated with S. aureus or P. aeruginosa at concentrations ranging from 10(2) to 10(9) colony-forming units per disc. Live/dead staining revealed there was a 60% decrease in viability for S. aureus and greater than a 98% decrease for P. aeruginosa on etched surfaces at the lowest inoculum of 10(2) CFU/disc, when compared to the control surface. Bactericidal efficiency decreased with increasing bacterial concentrations in a stepwise manner, with decreases in bacterial viability noted for S. aureus above 10(5) CFU/disc and above 10(6) CFU/disc for P. aeruginosa. Surprisingly, biofilm depth analysis revealed a decrease in bacterial viability in the 2 mu m layer furthest from the nanostructured surface. The nanostructured Ti6Al4V surface developed here holds the potential to reduce the rate of implant infections.

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