4D Printing Dual Stimuli-Responsive Bilayer Structure Toward Multiple Shape-Shifting

4D printing has been attracting widespread attention because its shape and performance can change under stimuli. The existing 4D printing technology is mostly limited to responsive to single stimulus, which means that the printing structure can only change under a pre-specified stimulus. Here we propose a 4D printing strategy with dual stimuli-responsive shape-shifting that responds to both temperature and water, by using a direct ink writing 3D printing method to deposit a polyurethane elastomer material with water-swelling characteristics on a heat-shrinkage shape memory polymer material to form a bilayer structure. Based on the systematic study of the adapted printing parameters of the polyurethane elastomer, the effect of programmable variables on the deformation shape was investigated. The diversified printing structure exhibits rich structural changes under one or both of the two stimuli of temperature and water. This research provides a universal multiple stimuli-responsive 4D printing method, which can effectively improve the intelligent responsiveness of 4D printing structures by combining multiple smart materials.

Automated summary

The study introduces a 4D printing strategy that responds to both temperature and water stimuli, using different printing materials to achieve diverse structural changes. With a systematic investigation of the printing parameters and programmable variables, this research offers a universal multiple stimuli-responsive 4D printing method to enhance the intelligent responsiveness of printing structures.