The Levels of Mineral Elements and Toxic Metals in the Longissimus lumborum Muscle, Hair and Selected Organs of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus L.) in Poland

Simple Summary The relationships between nutritive elements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Na, K, Ca and Mg) and toxic metals (Pb and Cd) can inform the assessment of health status of red deer, which are exposed to pollution in their natural environment. These elements in the longissimus lumborum muscle, hair and selected organs of red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) were analysed. The study revealed many significant correlations between the levels of elements and their high variability in individual tissues and organs. The accumulation of a specific metal in a tissue or organ can reduce its concentration in another matrix or promote increased content in another tissue or organ. The aim of the study was to analyse correlations and variability between the levels of mineral elements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Na, K, Ca and Mg) and toxic metals (Pb and Cd) in the longissimus lumborum muscle, hair and selected organs of red deer (Cervus elaphus L.). The levels of mineral elements were measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy (F-AAS). The levels of Pb and Cd were analysed by means of electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (ET-AAS). Of all analysed microelements, the highest concentration (in g center dot kg(-1) of dry weight) was found for Fe in the liver. Considering all macroelements, the highest level was found for K in the longissimus lumborum muscle. Particularly remarkable was the high level of Pb in the muscle and hair of red deer. The level of Cd in the hair was four to five times lower than in other samples. The study revealed many significant correlations between the levels of certain elements in individual tissues and organs. There were significant correlations between Cu-Fe (r(xy) = 0.650; p <= 0.01), Pb-Cu (r(xy) = -0.863; p <= 0.01) and Cd-Ca (r(xy) = -0.743; p <= 0.01) in testicles. For kidneys, a significant negative correlation was found for K and Na (r(xy) = -0.779; p <= 0.01) and for Ca and Cd (r(xy) = -0.695; p <= 0.01), and a positive correlation between Cu and Mn (r(xy) = 0.693; p <= 0.01). In the liver, significant negative correlations were found between Ca-K (r(xy) = -0.654; p <= 0.05), Cd-Fe (r(xy) = -0.651; p <= 0.05) and Pb-Cu (r(xy) = -0.627; p <= 0.05). In the muscle, only single significant correlations were found between Cd and Mn (r(xy) = 0.648; p <= 0.05). The highest number of significant correlations were recorded for the hair, among others between Na-K (r(xy) = 0.760) and Ca-Zn (r(xy) = 0.709) at p <= 0.01. The study revealed high variability in the levels of mineral elements and selected toxic metals in tissues, organs and hair of red deer. Additionally, this research confirmed that the accumulation of a specific metal in a tissue or organ can reduce its concentration in another matrix or promote its increased content in another tissue or organ.

Automated summary

The study explored the relationships between nutritive elements and toxic metals in red deer, revealing significant correlations and high variability in individual tissues and organs. Accumulation of specific metals in certain tissues or organs can impact their concentrations in other matrices or promote increased content in other tissues or organs.